Sulphur decontamination of conduits and vessels communicating with hydrocarbon conversion catalyst reactor during in situ catalyst regeneration

ABSTRACT

A catalytic conversion system having sulfur-contaminated vessels and/or conduits upstream from the fixed catalytic bed is regenerated in situ by first flowing regenerating oxygen-containing gas having not more than 0.1 mol percent oxygen and at a temperature of above 850° F., through the normal flow path of the vessels and/or conduits and then the fixed catalyst beds, wherein the sulfur contaminants are oxidized to sulfur dioxide which pass through the catalyst bed in the absence of sufficient oxygen to permit substantial conversion to harmful sulfur trioxide in the presence of catalyst containing a platinum group component on a porous inorganic oxide base, prior to removal of carbonaceous material from the catalyst.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the regeneration of hydrocarbon conversion catalysts containing a platinum group component on a porous carrier material, which catalysts have become inactivated carbonaceous deposits in a fixed bed system having sulfur-contaminated vessels and conduits in the flow path upstream from the catalyst beds. More particularly, it relates to regeneration in situ of catalytic systems in which vessels and conduits upstream from the first bed of catalyst have become contaminated with sulfur-containing deposits (e.g., iron sulfide scale) and the catalysts, such as reforming and dehydrocyclization catalyst are sensitive to sulfur. More especially, it relates to the regeneration of reforming catalysts containing a platinum group component and/or a rhenium component in association with a halogen component on a porous inorganic oxide, such as one containing alumina and/or silica.

The invention has for a particular object a method of regenerating reforming catalysts without significant displacement of the chloride and/or rhenium components by sulfur oxides generated during the regeneration process. An initial regeneration step is carried out in said process that is particularly directed to oxidation of iron sulfide scale on the surface of heat exchangers and furnace tubes upstream from the first bed of catalyst at temperatures, pressures, oxygen concentrations, and flow rates which substantially avoid the simultaneous presence of sulfur dioxide and oxygen over the platinum-containing catalyst. Such simultaneous presence leads to catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in the catalyst bed and to reaction of the sulfur trioxide with the catalyst to form sulfates. The method is particularly characterized in that no modification of the catalytic reforming process flow circuit is required. Specifically, the heat exchangers and furnace tubes need not be disconnected or isolated from the catalyst bed so that both normal operation of a catalytic reformer unit and the regeneration process are carried out without flow circuit modification. In this way, the quantities of iron sulfide formed from even minute quantities of sulfur in the hydrocarbon feed during normal hydrocarbon processing are removed prior to coke removal from the catalyst. After removal of the sulfur, such coke is removed from the deactivated catalyst in a conventional manner by oxidation at temperatures up to about 750° F.-800° F.

In accordance with the present invention, the sulfur in metal sulfide scale on the surfaces of conduits, furnaces or heat exchangers and vessels upstream from the first bed used in catalytic hydrocarbon processing is converted to sulfur dioxide without substantial further oxidation to sulfur trioxide and reaction of the latter with the catalyst. Such result is obtained by maintaining the inner walls of the heat exchangers and furnace tubes, where such iron sulfides are present, at a temperature above about 900° F., under conditions which include a substantially lower oxygen, O₂, concentration and preferably higher pressure and lower flow rate than in conventional regeneration. In this way, substantial oxygen breakthrough into the catalyst beds is avoided while sulfur dioxide is still flowing into them from zones in which it is formed by oxidation of metal sulfide scale. Desirably such oxygen concentration of the fluid passing into the catalyst bed is less than about 0.1 mole % and preferably less than about 0.05 mole %. Further, the regeneration gas temperature is preferably substantially higher than the range of about 750° F. to 800° F., which is commonly used for normal regeneration to burn coke from the catalyst particles. In accordance with this invention, such low oxygen concentration in the regenerating gas converts substantially all iron sulfides to sulfur dioxide without significant generation of sulfur trioxide, because the sulfur dioxide gas passes through the catalyst bed without excess oxygen. By first removing these sulfides, the coke can be burned off the catalyst with oxygen at concentrations of about 0.5 mole % or more and temperatures of about 750° F. to 800° F., and then the catalyst may be completely regenerated after the coke burning step by a final step of redispersing the platinum component at temperatures in excess of 900° F., without interference by sulfur trioxide. This is particularly important when such redispersion is performed on a platinum-rhenium catalyst and accompanied by halide addition, as in a conventional reforming catalyst. It is also important in a platinum-zeolite catalyst containing an alkaline earth metal component, such as barium, or an alkali metal component, such as potassium as a promoter, because sulfur trioxide can react with such alkaline earth, or alkali, metal promoters and subsequently can be reduced to hydrogen sulfide which can react with the platinum and poison the catalyst.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Catalysts used in hydrocarbon conversion processes such as reforming, dehydrocyclization cracking, isomerization, alkylation, etc., normally become deactivated after a period of catalytic use. It is known to regenerate such catalysts by treating them with an oxygen-containing gas to burn off deactivating substances such as carbon in the form of coke. Regeneration of hydrocarbon conversion catalysts with oxygen has often been performed in situ, i.e., by leaving a bed of catalyst in the reactor in which it had been used for catalytic conversion and passing an oxygen-containing regeneration gas into the reactor and through the catalyst bed to burn the deactivating substances off the catalyst.

Many hydrocarbon conversion systems, particularly naphtha hydroreforming units, employ a process in which the hydrocarbon feed passes in series through two or more separate reactors. Each of the reactors contains at least one bed of catalyst, and each reactor is connected to one or more other vessels by large-sized conduits through which the feed is passed. When the hydrocarbon conversion reaction, or reactions, being carried out in a particular system are endothermic, as in reforming, a furnace is normally connected into each of the large feed conduits upstream of each reactor to add required heat to the feed.

In general, hydrocarbon reforming and similar hydrocarbon conversion systems are classified as (1) cyclic, (2) continuous, or (3) semi-continuous (i.e. semi-regenerative). Such classification is based primarily on the different catalyst regeneration methods employed in these systems. In cyclic reforming one of the series of reactors is taken off stream and isolated by means of high temperature valves so that the catalyst therein may be regenerated separately. In continuous reforming, portions of the catalyst are removed from the plant vessels, regenerated in a separate vessel and then returned to the reaction system. During semi-continuous reforming operations, catalyst in all vessels of the entire system is periodically regenerated by passing oxygen-containing gas in series flow through all reactor vessels. The present invention is primarily directed to regeneration of catalyst in a semi-continuous system, i.e. semi-regenerative reforming, or in situ regeneration, although the principles of sulfur removal from feed lines and heat vessels before coke removal finds application wherever oxygen-containing gas passes through plant internals containing metal sulfides.

During in situ regeneration of a catalyst in plural-reactor-vessel conversion units of a semi-regenerative reformer system, an oxygen-containing gas is conventionally passed in series flow through all the reactor vessels. The large feed conduits running between the reactors are used to pass the oxygen-containing gas from one reactor vessel to the next. Such flow is also through any heaters or heat exchangers connected in series with the reactors.

Hydrocarbons used as charge stocks for hydrocarbon conversion systems often contain some sulfur compounds. During the on-stream operation of a conversion unit, sulfur in the feed reacts with iron on the surface or in the linings of the conduits, the reactor, furnaces and other vessels, to form iron-sulfide scale. Most of the sulfur reacts with plant internals upstream from the first catalyst bed. To some extent, sulfur may also be deposited directly in catalyst beds during hydrocarbon processing. In semi-continuous catalytic reforming units, sulfur contamination is usually a problem primarily in the furnaces and heat exchangers and interconnecting conduits employed to heat the feed being charged to the first stage reactor.

When a catalyst is regenerated in situ in a unit which has been contaminated with sulfur, oxygen in the regenerating gas reacts with sulfide scale to form sulfur dioxide. Some hydrocarbon conversion catalysts, e.g., those containing platinum may in turn catalyze the reaction of sulfur dioxide and oxygen in the regeneration gas, at certain temperatures, to form sulfur trioxide. Sulfur trioxide may then react with alumina in the catalyst to form a sulfate, displacing halide and partially displacing catalytic metals, such as rhenium, and to a lesser extent, platinum. The presence of the sulfate prevents a halide, such as a chloride, from reacting with the alumina surface and thereby impedes redispersion of catalytic metals on the alumina to a form in which the catalyst metals have a highly exposed surface area. Since an effective redispersion of catalytic metals over the alumina surface is essential for proper catalyst regeneration, the presence of sulfates on the catalyst surface during halide addition is undesirable. Moreover, sufficiently high concentrations of sulfate can displace rhenium from the alumina, thereby removing the catalytic benefits that the presence of rhenium imparts to a platinum-on-alumina reforming catalyst. Where the hydrocarbon conversion catalyst is primarily a zeolite having a surface that is basic, rather than acidic, such conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in the presence of the catalysts is even more deleterious to the proper catalyst regeneration because of its interaction with the base; upon subsequent reduction during start-up, hydrogen sulfide is released and reacts with the platinum and poisons the catalyst.

Chemical cleaning of the whole conversion system effectively removes sulfur from all the vessels, and thus prevents substantial sulfate contamination of catalyst beds, but is costly and time-consuming. The present invention provides an economical and easily performed process for reducing formation of contaminant sulfate in the catalyst bed when the reactor containing the bed is connected to other vessels such as furnaces and reactors by large feed conduits. The present process may also prevent sulfur contamination of downstream catalyst beds, and heaters during successive regenerations and on-stream periods following a run in which severe sulfur contamination occurs.

The reasons such downstream contamination of catalyst beds (other than the first bed) occurs is as follows: When a reformer not previously contaminated by large amounts of sulfur is exposed to a major sulfur upset, most of the sulfur tends to react with the internal surfaces of the plant (e.g., feed/effluent heat exchanger, feed furnace) upstream from the first reactor. During the next conventional regeneration, sulfur in the form of metal sulfide on said internal surfaces of the plant is converted into SO₂ and flows into the first reactor together with O₂. The SO₂ is oxidized over the platinum catalyst to SO₃, which displaces chloride and rhenium from first reactor catalyst. During the next on stream period, sulfate in the contaminated catalyst is reduced to H₂ S, which tends to react with hot iron plant internals, especially the next, or first inter-reactor, furnace. During the next regeneration, sulfide in this furnace is oxidized to SO₂ and subsequently to SO₃ which displaces chloride and rhenium from the second reactor catalyst, etc.

The present invention is primarily effective for removal of sulfur deposited upstream from the first reactor catalyst. Reaction with the coke on first reactor catalyst consumes the O₂ and prevents it from reaching downstream iron surfaces, such as interreactor furnaces. The present regeneration process is also applicable where as in application Ser. Nos. 344,570 and 344,572, both filed Feb. 1, 1982, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, the catalyst or a portion thereof is a zeolite catalyst having a group VIII metal component, such as platinum and an alkali or alkaline earth metal component, such as barium, strontium, or calcium as a dehydrocyclization enhancing material. The present regeneration process also is useful where such a zeolite catalyst is employed for dehydrocyclization.

It has previously been suggested, as in U.S. Pat. No. 3,137,646 Capsuto, to isolate various heavily sulfur-contaminated elements of a hydrocarbon conversion unit, such as furnace and heat exchanger tubes, before contacting a deactivated catalyst with an oxygen-containing regeneration gas and to purge iron sulfide from the isolated heat exchanger tubes with high-temperature steam and/or an oxygen-containing gas. The freed particles of sulfide scale and/or sulfur dioxide-containing gas are then removed from the system. This type of vessel cleaning requires that several valves or similar apparatus be installed directly into large feed conduits. Such apparatus is expensive and is unnecessary for normal operation of the conversion system and is used solely in relatively infrequent regenerations of the catalyst. This procedure also requires unusually high-temperature conditions.

Other procedures for eliminating sulfide scale from heaters and other sulfur-contaminatable vessels in hydrocarbon conversion units are deficient in that they fail to provide an effective method of preventing deposition of sulfur, as the sulfate, in a catalyst bed during in situ catalyst regeneration, which results in hindering proper redispersion of catalytic metals on an alumina catalyst base.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,716,477 Jacobson et al, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, is generally directed to a reforming operation for naphtha feed through a catalyst comprising platinum and rhenium supported on a porous inorganic oxide carrier in the manufacture of high octane gasoline. It discloses a regeneration process for maintaining catalyst activity which includes passing a gas containing nitrogen and oxygen through the catalyst bed at a temperature that is from about 750° to 1200° F. by maintaining the oxygen content in an amount less than about one volume percent. The patent does not disclose or discuss the problem of sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide contamination of the reforming catalyst during subsequent halide addition at high temperatures.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,155,836 Collins et al, is directed to a reforming system using a catalyst which includes a platinum group metal and a halogen. The regeneration process involves decontamination or regeneration of the catalyst when it has been directly contacted by a high sulfur and water content hydrocarbon feed stock. The process includes discontinuing feeding of the contaminating feedstock and passing hydrogen over the contaminated catalyst. Reduction of a platinum on alumina catalyst with hydrogen results in the formation of H₂ S in the effluent gas from the catalytic reactor. In the case of a semi-continuous catalytic reformer, this results in sulfiding of the inter-reactor furnace between the first and second reactors. This sulfur can then be transferred to the second reactor catalyst during the next regeneration. This patent does not disclose any process for removing sulfur from the furnace tubes and heat exchangers during regeneration of the catalyst by heating and passing an oxygen containing gas through the furnace tubes and then through the reactor.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,033,898 Jacobson et al, also assigned to the assignee of the present invention, discloses a regeneration system wherein carbonaceous deposits on the catalyst are burned and sulfur is converted to sulfur trioxide which forms sulfates in the catalyst; thereafter the sulfate is removed from the catalyst by hydrogen treatment and the resulting reduced gases are removed.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,686 Hayes is directed to a multi-step catalyst regeneration process in which during each step it is essential that the gas employed in the regeneration be free of sulfur compounds, and in particular oxides of sulfur and H₂ S. The method also contemplates the use of water in the conventional burning steps for catalyst reactivation.

To overcome some of the difficulties attendant upon the deposition of sulfide scale on and in the upper portion of a static bed of platinum-group metal catalyst U.S. Pat. No. 2,884,372 Bergstrom discloses submerging foraminous baskets in the upper portion of the static bed of platinum catalyst.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,792,337 Engel shows that oxygen-containing gas may be introduced into the catalyst bed without prior contact with parts of the reactor and feed inlet line and to pass part of the gas back through the forepart of the catalyst bed and the feed inlet line of the reactor and the remainder forward through the catalyst bed without recycling any part of the gas through the catalyst bed.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,873,176 Hengstebeck discloses that difficulties can be avoided by not exposing the sulfide scale in the heater tubes to free oxygen. Hengstebeck teaches to pass inert carrier gas through the heater and to inject sufficient oxygen to produce combustion of the carbonaceous material, usually designated as coke, into the carrier gas between the heater and the reactor.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,923,679 Thomson teaches that the heated oxygen-containing regeneration gases flow through the reforming unit in a direction which is the reverse of the flow of naphtha and hydrogen-containing gas.

As contrasted to other systems, the present invention does not depend upon diverting, through additional expensive valves and auxiliary conduits, the sulfur-containing gases resulting from regenerating the catalyst and auxiliary equipment. To desulfurize both auxiliary equipment and catalyst during regeneration of the catalyst, this invention is directed to an improved regeneration method requiring only control of temperature, pressure, rate of flow, and oxygen-content of gas flowing through the reforming unit, including furnaces, connecting conduits and catalyst-containing reactors, first to remove sulfur contaminants from the system and then to remove carbon components from the catalyst before redispersion of platinum and/or rhenium components on the catalyst at high temperatures, with or without addition of halide to the regenerating gases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to improvements in a process for regenerating in situ catalyst in a sulfur contaminated hydrocarbon conversion unit, including the conduits, heat exchangers, furnaces or vessel, without sulfate displacement of catalyst components while carbonaceous deposits are being removed. Such a unit includes a reactor vessel containing a bed of catalyst comprising a Group VIII metal on an alumina carrier and steel processing vessels and conduits, such as heat exchangers or furnace tubes that communicate with said reactor by a conduit. As noted above, the internal surfaces of such steel units upstream of the first catalyst reactor are most likely to be contaminated by sulfide in the normal flow of a hydrocarbon feed stream therethrough. Accordingly, the improvement comprises, first, passing an oxygen-containing gas through the sulfur-contaminated vessels and conduits at a high enough temperature and a low enough oxygen concentration so that sulfur dioxide gas evolved from oxygen interacting with iron sulfide in the steel is not present together with oxygen as the regeneration gas passes through the bed of catalyst in the reactor. In a preferred form, the temperature of the low oxygen-content gas is held at above about 900° F. and more preferably above 950° F. until the sulfur-oxidation step is substantially finished, as indicated by the sulfur dioxide content of the effluent gas. Such high temperature (as compared to normal regenerating temperature for the catalyst of 750°-800° F.) promotes conversion of metal sulfide to metal oxide by accelerating the solid state diffusion rate. Further, in a preferred form the pressure of the low oxygen-content gas is held high and the recycle flow rate of the regenerating gas is held low to decrease the linear gas flow rate and to give more time for the oxygen to react with the metal sulfide. Desirably, if the effluent gases from the system during this regeneration method are to be recycled the evolved S0₂ is separated from the effluent stream, as by soda ash or caustic, to prevent it from reentering the catalyst beds. After such sulfur decontamination step, the temperature of the gas is decreased to the range of 750°-800° F., and the oxygen concentration is increased to about 0.5 weight % or more to remove coke from the catalyst. In the primary or initial part of the coke burn, the reactor inlet temperature is preferably below about 750° F. and the reactor outlet temperature not exceeding 825° F., preferably 800° F. After the coke is substantially removed from the catalyst, as indicated by the disappearance of a temperature rise in each catalyst bed, the regenerating gas temperature is then raised to 900° F. or above and a small amount of a halide is added to assist in redispersing at least the platinum component on the base; such redispersion is facilitated by avoiding displacement of the chloride component from the catalyst by sulfate components left on the catalyst during the decoking step.

The method is particularly characterized in that, first, only sufficient oxygen-containing regenerating gas is supplied at a rate, and at temperatures and concentration to convert efficiently substantially all the metal sulfides to metal oxides with evolved sulfur dioxide passing through the interconnected catalyst bed without sufficient oxygen to form sulfur trioxide. Next, the coke on the catalyst is converted to carbon dioxide without significant concommitant conversion of iron sulfides on the sufaces of the first stage vessel, furnace, heat exchangers or conduits to sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide. Thus, such sulfur oxides are not present on the catalyst so that the platinum and rhenium components may be readily redispersed at higher temperatures, greater than 900° F., by addition of a halide component at such a suitable elevated temperature.

Further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which form an integral part of the present specification.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a catalytic hydrocarbon reforming conversion system having a plurality of reactor vessels with furnaces and heat exchangers in series with each other through flow conduits; the components of such a system are subject to the type of carbon and sulfur contamination to which the regeneration method of the present invention may be applied.

Only those elements of a semi-continuous catalytic reforming unit necessary for an understanding of an embodiment of the invention are depicted in the drawing. Other elements included in catalytic reforming units are not shown or described, e.g., compressors, pumps, additional heat exchangers, etc., since their placement and operation in a reforming system, will be readily understood by those skilled in the art.

FIG. 2 is a graph of the stripping effect of sulfur oxides on rhenium and chloride components of a reforming catalyst during regeneration of a catalyst bed when the catalyst is simultaneously exposed to SO₂ and O₂ at a temperature that would be suitable for redispersion of the metallic components if sulfur were absent. This figure shows that chloride is displaced from an alumina based reforming catalyst by sulfate even at fairly low sulfur content. Rhenium is more strongly held by the alumina than is chloride, but is also displaced at higher sulfate content. Platinum is still more strongly bound to the alumina, but begins to be displaced at very high sulfate content.

While the invention is illustrated with reference to platinum-containing reforming catalysts, the invention is also applicable to other catalytic systems in which vessels and conduits upstream from the first bed of catalyst are contaminated by sulfur-containing deposits (e.g., iron sulfide scale) and the catalysts employed in the system are sensitive to contamination by reactive sulphur compounds.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Method Embodiments

The present process may appropriately be applied to hydrocarbon conversion systems using catalysts which are sensitive to reactive sulfur components and especially catalyst containing a Group VIII metal component on a porous support or carrier material such as an inorganic oxide. Alumina either alone or mixed with one or more other refractory inorganic oxides, is often used as a carrier for catalytic metals or metal compounds, particularly the Group VIII metals. The Group VIII metals used include especially platinum and iridium, including compounds and mixtures thereof. Platinum, for example, is commonly used in hydrocarbon conversion catalysts, either alone or combined with another Group VIII metal such as iridium, or with such promotor metals as rhenium, tin, germanium, lead, etc. Catalysts containing two or more Group VIII metals and/or other metals, such as rhenium, tin, or the like, are suitable for regeneration by the present process. Catalysts including a Group VIII metal and/or a promoter and alumina are often used in such hydrocarbon conversion processes as reforming, paraffin isomerization, alkyl aromatic isomerization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, alkylation and cracking. The present process may be used in hydrocarbon conversion systems for carrying out these or other like processes. Many catalysts which contain a Group VIII metal and alumina also include a halogen component, such as chlorine or fluorine or both. The addition of a halogen component is particularly common in the case of platinum group metal catalysts used in reforming and isomerization. The present process may suitably be employed to regenerate catalysts having a halogen component, preferably a chloride component. Further, the present invention is most particularly applicable to hydrocarbon conversion systems such as catalytic reforming systems, isomerization process systems, etc., in which the processing system includes at least one reactor containing one or more beds of one or more hydrocarbon conversion catalysts, and wherein the catalyst bed to be treated is regenerated in situ in the reactor after the catalyst has become deactivated through use.

The process is particularly applicable to catalytic hydrocarbon conversion systems using a reforming catalyst having superior activity for dehydrocyclization, especially for treatment of naphthas and gasoline boiling range materials. Included are crystalline molecular sieve catalysts such as those comprising a large-pore zeolite, at least one Group VIII metal (preferably platinum or iridium, most preferably platinum), and an alkaline earth metal selected from the group consisting of barium, strontium and calcium (preferably barium) or an alkali metal selected from the group consisting of sodium, lithium, potassium, rubidium and caesium (preferably potassium).

Among the large-pored crystalline zeolites which have been found to be especially useful are type L zeolite, zeolite X, zeolite Y and faujasite which have apparent pore sizes on the order of 7 to 9 Angstroms.

A composition of type L zeolite, expressed in terms of mole ratios of oxides, may be represented as follows:

    (0.9-1.3)M.sub.2/n O:Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 (5.2-6.9)SiO.sub.2 :yH.sub.2 O

wherein M designates a cation, n represents the valence of M, and y may be any value from 0 to about 9. Zeolite L, its x-ray diffraction pattern, its properties, and method for its preparation are described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,216,789. The real formula may vary without changing the crystalline structure; for example, the mole ratio of silicon to aluminum (Si/Al) may vary from 1.0 to 3.5.

The chemical formula for zeolite Y expressed in terms of mole ratios of oxides may be written as:

    (0.7-1.1)Na.sub.2 O:Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 :xSiO.sub.2 :yH.sub.2 O

wherein x is a value greater than 3 up to about 6 and y may be a value up to about 9. Zeolite Y has a characteristic x-ray powder diffraction pattern which may be employed with the above formula for identification. Zeolite Y is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,130,007.

Zeolite X is a synthetic crystalline zeolitic molecular sieve which may be represented by the formula:

    (0.7-1.1)M.sub.2/n O:Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 (2.0-3.0)SiO.sub.2 :yH.sub.2 O

wherein M represents a metal, particularly alkali and alkaline earth metals, n is the valence of M, and y may have any value up to about 8 depending on the identity of M and the degree of hydration of the crystalline zeolite. Zeolite X, its x-ray diffraction pattern, its properties, and method for its preparation are described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 2,882,244.

A preferred element is an alkaline earth metal in the large-pore zeolite. That alkaline earth metal is barium, strontium or calcium, preferably barium. The alkaline earth metal can be incorporated into the zeolite by synthesis, impregnation or ion exchange. Barium is preferred to the other alkaline earths because it results in a somewhat less acidic catalyst. Strong acidity is undesirable in the catalyst because it promotes cracking, resulting in lower selectivity.

In such zeolite catalyst, at least part of the alkali metal, or alkaline earth metal, is exchanged with barium, using techniques known for ion exchange of zeolites. This involves contacting the zeolite with a solution containing excess Ba⁺⁺ ions. The barium constitutes from 0.1% to 35% of the weight of the zeolite. Large pore zeolites exchanged in a similar manner with other metals such as alkali metals may also be used.

With type L zeolites conventionally synthesized in the potassium form, the M cations may if desired be exchanged with other alkaline metal ions chosen from the group consisting of potassium, lithium, sodium, rubidium and caesium or combinations thereof. Such zeolites are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,104,320. The large-pore zeolitic catalysts are charged with one or more Group VIII metals, w.g., nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium or platinum.

The preferred Group VIII metals are iridium and particularly platinum, which are more selective with regard to dehydrocyclization and are also more stable under the dehydrocyclization reaction conditions than other Group VIII metals.

The preferred percentage of platinum in the dehydrocyclization catalyst is between 0.1% and 5%, the lower limit corresponding to minimum catalyst activity and the upper limit to maximum activity. This allows for the high price of platinum, which does not justify using a higher quantity of the metal since the result is only a slight improvement in catalyst activity.

Group VIII metals are introduced into the large-pore zeolite by synthesis, impregnation or exchange in an aqueous solution of appropriate salt. When it is desired to introduce two Group VIII metals into the zeolite, the operation may be carried out simultaneously or sequentially.

By way of example, platinum can be introduced by impregnating the zeolite with an aqueous solution of tetrammineplatinum (II) nitrate, tetrammineplatinum (II) hydroxide, dinitrodiamino-platinum or tetrammineplatinum (II) chloride. In an ion exchange process, platinum can be introduced by using cationic platinum complexes such as tetrammineplatinum (II) nitrate.

An inorganic oxide may be used as a carrier to bind the large-pore zeolite containing the Group VIII metal and alkali metal or alkaline earth metal or both. The carrier can be a natural or a synthetically produced inorganic oxide or a combination of inorganic oxides. Typical inorganic oxide supports which can be used include clays, alumina, and silica in which acidic sites are preferably exchanged by cations which do not impart strong acidity (such as Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, or Ba).

These large pore zeolite catalysts can be used as such and in combination with other types of reforming or hydrocarbon conversion catalysts, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,415,737, either in sequential beds or in admixtures in fixed beds. A particularly effective combination is the sequence of a first bed of a platinum-containing catalyst with an inorganic oxide support such as alumina followed by, in the feed flow stream, a second bed with the abovedescribed large pore zeolite catalyst.

A given reactor normally communicates with other vessels such as furnaces, heat exchangers, other reactor vessels, etc., by way of conduits. Such associated vessels are normally located both upstream and downstream of a particular reactor in a processing system. For example, in a catalytic reforming unit, wherein the reaction is endothermic, an associated furnace is normally located upstream of each reactor and communicates with the reactor by a large conduit through which heated feed is passed to the reactor. In systems with plural reactors in series, for every reactor except the last, another furnace and another reactor are associated with the given reactor at its downstream end by a conduit running between the first reactor and the furnace and between the furnace and the second reactor. Normally part of the gaseous portion of the effluent reaction product is recycled from the last reactor in the series to one of the earlier reactors; generally, the first.

Catalyst beds in hydrocarbon conversion systems can be detrimentally affected by the presence of sulfur in the system. Sulfur is commonly carried into the processing system in the hydrocarbon feedstock. It is usually present in minor amounts except during upsets, when large amounts of sulfur may be introduced. Sulfur contamination of such systems generally results in formation of metal sulfides, e.g. iron sulfide, particularly from reaction of hydrogen sulfide with rust or scale in such conduits, furnaces, heat exchangers, reactor walls and "internals", and the like, through which the heated feed flows prior to entry into the catalyst bed. As noted before, in plants that have not been seriously contaminated by sulfur, before the previous regeneration, most of such sulfur contamination is on the surface of the plant internals upstream from the first reactor. And it is these sulfur compounds which create serious problems during in situ regeneration of catalyst in the reactor beds.

The present process is carried out in connection with oxidative, in situ regeneration of hydrocarbon conversion catalysts and without feed circuit modification. Thus, it is contemplated that normal shutdown and volatile-hydrocarbon purging procedures will have been undertaken prior to carrying out the process of the invention. Accordingly, the hydrocarbon conversion system in which the present process is to be used will be free of hydrocarbon vapors and liquids and will have been purged of volatile, flammable materials by conventional purging of the whole system with an inert gas. Normally, a particular conversion system is isolated from the other systems in a refinery during regeneration by inserting plates into flanges built into the conduits connecting the system to other refinery equipment. This is done before the system to be regenerated is purged of the hydrocarbon vapors.

The first step in carrying out the present process is to contact the feed system, including the conduits, heat exchanger, and furnace tubes without isolation of the reactor, as well as catalyst bed therein, which is to be freed from coke, with a regenerative, oxygen-containing gas. In such first step, in accordance with this invention, the amount of oxygen in the gas is not greater then about 0.1 and preferably not more than about 0.05 mole percent to convert any metal sulfide, upstream from the first reactor from iron sulfide to iron oxide, with evolution of SO₂. The remainder of the regenerating gas is made up of one or more gases which are inert in the particular conversion system, such as nitrogen, argon, steam or carbon dioxide. A mixture of nitrogen and sufficient air to supply the required amount of oxygen is a preferred oxygen-containing gas for use in the present process. The oxygen-containing gases pass through the heat exchanger and feed furnace and the effluent therefrom flows into the first bed of hydrocarbon conversion catalyst. The gas is monitored as to sulfur dioxide and oxygen content. Desirably, so long as SO₂ is present in the effluent, the oxygen content of the regenerating gas is held sufficiently low so that little or no oxygen is measured in the effluent gas. Desirably in such first step a temperature of about 900° F. to 950° F. or higher is maintained to promote solid state diffusion processes within the metal sulfide, thereby leading to substantially complete removal of the sulfur as SO₂ before appreciable concentration of O₂ build-up in the gas entering the catalyst bed. Furthermore, the pressure is maintained high and the flow rate low to increase the extent of reaction of the available oxygen with the sulfide. High regenerative gas pressure preferably above 150 psig and more preferably above 300 psig (i.e., about 20 atmospheres) are used in the sulfur removal step. The higher pressures are desirable because they permit sulfur removal in shorter time and because the linear velocity of the gas through the sulfided portions of the plant is smaller per mole of gas recirculated at higher pressures. Thus, pressures of 500 psig or more are advantageous provided the plant equipment is suitable. The higher pressures can be achieved, for example, by use of high pressure air compressors or liquid O₂ for O₂ injection.

Following substantially total conversion of the metal sulfides upstream from the first reactor catalyst, as indicated by a decrease in sulfur dioxide content and an increase in the oxygen content of the gas flowing into the reactor, regeneration of the catalyst is carried out under conventional low temperature conditions of not more than about 750° to 800° F. to remove the carbonaceous deposits from the catalyst particles. Such low temperature decoking of the catalyst is highly desirable to avoid potential "hot spots38 in the catalyst bed due to the exothermic coke burning reaction. Hot spots, or excessive local temperatures, can result in serious damage to the catalyst particles including removal of the active components from the base. Such regeneration to remove coke is continued until the carbon content of the catalyst is substantially zero, as indicated by a decrease in the temperature rise in each bed due to completion of the exothermic coke-burning process. After such carbon removal, the temperature of the gas is immediately raised to more than 900° F. to redistribute the platinum component on the catalyst. Such elevated temperature is generally accompanied by addition of a halide component. By preliminary removal of sulfur components from the most severely contaminated part of the flow circuit, upstream from the first reactor, such temperatures may be safely used without rapid catalytic conversion of SO₂ to SO₃ that would occur if both SO.sub. 2 and O₂ were simultaneously present in the catalyst bed.

The oxygen-containing gas, for both the sulfur and carbon removal steps, is preferably contacted with the tubes or pipes and the catalyst bed by a known procedure for circulating an oxygen-containing gas through such a system to burn deactivating materials off the catalyst. The contacting is preferably accomplished by continuously passing a stream of the oxygen-containing gas throughout the internals of the hydrocarbon conversion system, including the reactor containing the catalyst bed. During the sulfur removal step, the SO₂ concentration of the effluent gas is monitored to determined the time at which substantially all sulfur has been removed. The SO₂ is removed from the effluent gas, and the remaining gas may be recycled through the plant with O₂ added to maintain the O₂ concentration at the desired level at the end of the sulfur removal step. The O₂ concentration is then increased for the carbon removal step at lower temperatures. Such flow for decoking is continued until a decrease in catalyst carbon content is evidenced, for example, by the presence of only a small temperature difference between reactor inlet and outlet.

After completion of the coke-burning step, halide is usually added to the catalyst. During the next metal redispersion step, the catalyst temperature is raised to at least 900° F., and then O₂ content increased to at least 1%.

After regeneration, the treating gas is purged from the hydrocarbon conversion system, preferably by purging the reactor and the system in a conventional manner with an inert gas.

Treating the system with oxygen-containing gas at carefully regulated temperatures and oxygen content as described above converts sulfur in the heat exchangers or furnace tubes to sulfur dioxide which then passes through the catalyst beds in the absence of significant amounts of O₂, and therefore, without significant conversion to sulfur trioxide so that such sulfur trioxide is not available to interact with alumina in the catalyst thereby to form a sulfate which remains in the catalyst bed. Hence, sulfate materials that would interfere with further regeneration of the catalyst are not present. This is particularly important with a catalyst which contains a halogen component, with or without a promoter metal such as rhenium, in addition to the Group VIII metal and alumina. This method minimizes sulfur trioxide formation and interaction with the catalyst which would interfere with redispersion of platinum in reforming catalysts, displace rhenium from catalysts in which it is supported on alumina, and undesirably react with alkaline earth or alkali metal components in platinum/zeolite catalysts. By this invention, special precautions to handle sulfur trioxides in the catalyst bed are not required, such as by costly special valves for external diversion of effluent from the catalyst bed.

Apparatus Embodiments

Referring now to the drawings, and in particular to FIG. 1, there is shown a catalytic reforming system suitable for practice of the present invention. It includes a plurality of reforming reactors, vessels 10, 30 and 50. Each reactor contains a bed of reforming catalyst. The particles of such a catalyst bed include a platinum component, with or without a rhenium component, and a chloride component composited with a base of alumina.

Prior to starting the present regeneration process, the catalyst beds in the system have become deactivated by catalytic use, as in reforming a naphtha feedstock, and the reforming system, especially that portion which is upstream of the first catalyst containing reactor, has become sulfur contaminated by contact with sulfur brought into the system in the feed. The system has been shut down and volatile materials have been purged from it in a conventional manner. In shutting down the unit, the feed inlet conduit 14 and the product outlet conduit 56 have been blocked off as by closing valves 15 and 55, respectively, to separate the reforming system from other refinery equipment. Further, nitrogen-containing gas has been passed through the system, as by line 41, at an elevated temperature and removed from the system, as by effluent gas line 63, in order to purge volatiles from the system.

After volatile materials have been purged from the system, an oxygen-containing gas is passed into the flow circuit by way of conduit 61 through valves 65 and 68. The required low oxygen concentration of less than about 0.1 mole % is obtained by control of inert gas valve 45 in line 41 and air or oxygen valve 65 in line 61. Alternatively, the inert gas may be recycled through line 64 by recycle compressor 67. With inert gas recycled by compressor 67 the recirculation rate of regeneration gas may be decreased to any desired extent by controlling the opening of valve 66 in bypass line 70 connected in parallel with compressor 67. The path of the oxygen-containing gas and inert gas is then through the conduit 18, tubes 17 of furnace 12 and by conduit 11 into first reactor 10. As indicated schematically, conduit 11 includes an inlet provided, as by tee 46, for adding halide, such as chlorine, from tank 47 through line 48 under control of valve 49. This arrangement is generally used as a final step in regeneration of catalyst in reactor 10. In accordance with this invention, another tee 20 in line 11 permits sampling for sulfur dioxide and oxygen in the regeneration gas flowing in line 11. These gases may be selectively detected and measured by SO₂ analyzer 21 and O₂ analyzer 22 through lines 23 and 24, respectively, controlled through valves 25 and 26. Gas from inlet line 11 passes through the catalyst bed in reactor 10 and is withdrawn through conduit 13. It then flows through second reactor furnace 32 and conduit 31 into the second, or intermediate reactor 30. Gas from such intermediate reactor 30 then flows through conduit 33 to a third, or tail, furnace 52 and then by conduit 51 to third reactor 50. The gas finally flows in line 53 to pass through the shell side of an effluent heat exchanger 16 and then by line 43 to high pressure gas separator 54. The tube side of heat exchanger 16 is connected to inlet feed line 14 through valve 15. Effluent gas is removed through line 63 under control of valve 62. Recycle of gas from separator 54, either during normal reforming operation or regeneration is through line 64, controlled by valves 66 and 68.

In performing the method of the present invention, special valves and conduits, primarily useful only during regeneration of catalyst in reactors 10, 30 and 50, are not required to bypass or short circuit any of the continuous circuit, as above described. Both sulfur components in the steel conduits and vessels and coke on the catalyst are removed exclusively by circulation of the oxygen-containing gas through such circuit at the prescribed temperatures and concentrations. However, as discussed above, the problem of disposing of sulfur in such a circuit originates primarily in those places where the feed stream contacts metals at high temperatures, such as the inner surfaces of feed heat exchanger 16, feed furnace tubes of furnace 12 and conduits downstream of these hot zones, through which the feed flows on its way to first reactor 10. The problem is most acute in the furnace because the temperature of the steel tubes 17 is significantly higher than those of the conduits and other plant internals. Therefore, the inner surfaces of the furnace tubes react more readily with any sulfur compounds in the feed stream. This is due to conversion of iron oxides on the surface of the steel tubing and conduits of these elements to iron sulfide during normal heating and flow of the hydrocarbon feed stock for catalytic conversion in the reforming system. Thus, upon addition of oxygen to this portion of the system during catalyst regeneration, iron sulfide is oxidized to iron oxide and sulfur dioxide is generated in sufficient quantities to have a potentially deleterious effect on the platinum-rhenium catalyst in at least reactor 10. If the oxygen concentration and temperature are sufficient in the presence of such catalyst, the so-formed significant amounts of sulfur dioxide are converted to sulfur trioxide in the catalyst bed.

Accordingly, the concentration of oxygen in the reforming system is held to a low level to convert substantially all sulfur in the part of the circuit upstream from the first catalyst bed to sulfur dioxide, without significant amounts of oxygen in the catalyst bed, so that sulfur dioxide is not converted to sulfur trioxide. Desirably such low concentration of oxygen is maintained at relatively high temperatures and pressures to promote reaction of the available oxygen with metal sulfide.

Such a low oxygen concentration of less than about 0.1 mole percent and preferably less than 0.05 mole percent, at a temperature in excess of 850° F. and desirably at a pressure above 300 psig is preferably continued until the SO₂ content, as detected by SO₂ analyzer 21, has been reduced to substantially zero. At the same time the oxygen content, as detected by O₂ analyzer 22, will have correspondingly risen.

After such sulfur reduction on the inner surface of the upstream conduits and vessel, the oxygen content of the gas is desirably increased to from about 0.5 mole percent to about 1.0 mole percent and the gas flow rate increased. At the same time, the temperature of the regeneration gas entering the first reactor is lowered to less than about 750° F. to burn coke, primarily carbon, from the catalyst particles in reactors 10, 30 and 50. Such burn is conducted by circulating the regeneration gas at a controlled flow rate and oxygen concentration. The oxygen concentration is controlled by controlling the flow rate of the oxygen-containing gas entering through line 61. Circulation of oxygen-containing gas is then continued until the catalyst coke burn is essentially complete, as indicated by disappearance of a temperature rise in each catalyst bed. A consequent rise in the oxygen concentration of the effluent gas, may be measured by oxygen analyzer 42 sampling effluent line 43 through valve 57 in line 58.

After completion of both the sulfur removal and catalyst decoking steps, the temperature of the system, including each of the reactors 10, 30 and 50, may be raised to assist in redistribution of the platinum components. Accordingly, the temperature is then raised to the 900°-1050° F. range for the final regeneration steps, including any chloride addition from source 47 through valve 49 to assist such platinum redistribution.

Upon completion of regeneration of catalyst, the reforming system may be returned to normal operation by closing valves 45, 65 and 62 and opening both feed line 14 through valve 15 and product outlet valve 55 in product line 56.

Desirably, but not necessarily, the oxygen-containing regenerating gas is recirculated during sulfur and carbon components removal, provided, that the oxygen concentration entering the catalyst beds is limited, as indicated above. For this purpose, line 64 supplies recycle gas from recycle compressor 67 to the regeneration system from separator 54 under control of valve 66. As shown, flow of recycled gas to furnace 12 through valve 68 may be continued without further addition of oxygen-containing gas.

FIG. 2 illustrates in graphic form the problem that the present invention solves in regenerating a catalytic reforming system of the type described herein. This graph represents an experimental regeneration run through a catalyst sample in which a platinum component, a rhenium component and a chloride component were present on an alumina base.

FIG. 2 shows the effect of regenerating such catalyst in accordance with the prior art where sulfur is present in the form of sulfur dioxide in the gas entering the catalyst bed under high temperature conditions. A bed length of 15 inches is shown as the abscissa of the graph. The weight percentage of platinum and rhenium are the left hand ordinates and that of chloride and sulfur ions are the right hand ordinates. As indicated, addition of the sulfur component in the form of SO₂ in the presence of excess O₂ at the given conditions effectively displaces a large percentage of the rhenium component from the catalyst to the right, leaving the catalyst on the left-hand portion of the bed greatly depleted of this component. The peak on the rhenium curve indicates the greatly increased concentration just ahead of the sulfur component in the bed, thereby indicating the deleterious effect of sulfur trioxide at such high temperatures. Similarly the sulfate displaces virtually all chloride component from the same portion of the bed.

The flow rate of the controlled oxygen-content of regenerating gas used in the sulfur removal step depends, as will be apparent to one skilled in the art, on several interrelated factors including the severity of sulfiding in the plant internals, plant feed rate, and the maximum length of time that the plant operator is willing to devote to the sulfur removal step. For example, in a reformer plant having a feed capacity of 13,000 bbl/day and assuming an iron sulfide layer of 0.01 inch thickness (a mild sulfide contamination), the amount of sulfur is 500 lbs., and sulfur removal goes as follows:

    2FeS+7/2 O.sub.2 =Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 +2SO.sub.2,

then the total volume of gas that must be passed through the plant in order to introduce enough O₂ to react with all the FeS is: ##EQU1## Assuming that the amount of sulfur deposited on the plant internals is proportional to the feed rate, then required SCF gas per 1000 bbl feed/day of plant capacity is: ##EQU2##

If the plant operator fixes the length of time for sulfur removal for 6 or 48 hours, the flow rates are respectively: ##EQU3##

Most reforming plants have feed rates between 2,000 and 50,000 bbl/day. Thus, for the mild sulfide contaminated plant, the corresponding gas flow rates for sulfur removal are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                         gas flow rate (SCF/hour)                                                      Plant Capacity (bbl feed/day)                                   Time of Sulfur Removal (hrs)                                                                    2,000      50,000                                             ______________________________________                                          6               2.7 × 10.sup.5                                                                      6.6 × 10.sup.6                               48               3.3 × 10.sup.4                                                                      8.3 × 10.sup.5                               ______________________________________                                    

In order to give the oxygen time to react with the metal sulfide contaminant, it is advantageous to use as low a gas flow rate during the sulfur removal step as is consistent with the length of time the plant operator is willing to devote to said step. For a mildly sulfide-contaminated plant, it will commonly be feasible and desirable to use a flow rate considerably lower than the maximum attainable. For example, in a given plant that can operate at about 300 psig, which has a 0.01 inch thick layer of iron sulfide on its heated internal surfaces, a maximum regeneration gas recirculation rate in excess of 2×10⁵ SCF per hour per 1000 BPD feed is feasible. If a regeneration gas containing 0.1 mole percent O₂ is passed through the plant at a rate of 5×10⁴ SCF/hr per 1000 BPD feed capacity (about one fourth of the maximum flow rate), enough oxygen will be supplied to react with the metal sulfide in about 16 hours.

For illustrative purposes, the gas flow rates for sulfur removal in a severly sulfided plant having a sulfide layer of 1/8 inch, would be, on the basis of 1000 bbl. feed/day:

6 hour sulfide removal time: about 1.7×10⁶ SCF gas/hr

48 hour sulfide removal time: about 2.1×10⁵ SCF gas/hr

Other flow rates can be calculated for different situations in an analogous manner, as will be apparent to one skilled in the art. Depending upon the sulfur removal time acceptable to overall plant operation, a flow rate is selected that assures adequate residence time for sulfur removal and is consistent with a low linear velocity that prevents sweeping sulfur dioxide along with unreacted oxygen onto the catalyst.

While only a few embodiments of the present invention have been described, various modifications or changes can be made in the procedural steps as applied to known processes without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. All such modifications or changes coming within the terms of the claims are intended to be included therein. 

I claim:
 1. In a process of regenerating in situ a fixed bed of hydrocarbon conversion catalyst particles, said particles having a platinum group component on a porous inorganic oxide base, which catalyst particles have become contaminated with carbonaceous deposits, said fixed catalyst bed hydrocarbon conversion system having sulfur-contaminated vessels and/or conduits in the flow path upstream from said contaminated catalyst bed, which process includes passing a regenerating oxygen-containing gas through said sulfur-contaminated vessels and/or conduits and then through said catalyst to burn off said carbonaceous deposits under controlled conditions, the improvement which comprises, prior to oxidation of said carbonaceous deposits on said contaminated catalyst particles limiting the oxygen content of said regenerating gas introduced into said upstream sulfur-contaminated vessels and/or conduits to a concentration of not more than 0.1 mol percent and at a temperature in excess of 850° F. to oxidize the sulfur in said contaminated vessels and/or conduits so that the evolved sulfur dioxide flows through said contaminated catalyst particles in the absence of sufficient oxygen to permit conversion of a substantial fraction thereof to sulfur trioxide in the presence of said catalyst and continuing the flow of said gas of limited oxygen content until substantially all the oxidizable sulfur contaminants have been removed from the conversion system.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein after said oxidizable sulfur contaminants have been removed from the vessels and/or conduits in the flow path upstream from the catalyst, the temperature is lowered and the oxygen content of the regenerating gas is increased whereby the carbonaceous deposits are burned off of said catalyst particles and thereafter the temperature of said gas is increased to as least 900° F. to redistribute the platinum component on said base.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein said oxygen-containing gas in said sulfur oxidation step contains no more than 0.05 mole % oxygen at a temperature of at least 900° F. prior to beginning said sulfur reducing step.
 4. The process of claim 1 wherein said oxygen-containing gas is saturated with water at temperatures of from about 32° F. to 212° F.
 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the effluent gases exiting from said reactor are treated to remove substantialy all of the sulfur contaminants therein and the resulting sulfur-free gas is recycled through said fixed catalyst bed.
 6. The process of claim 1 wherein said catalyst particles to be regenerated are reforming catalyst particles having an alumina base and a rhenium component.
 7. The process of claim 1 wherein said catalyst particles to be regenerated have a metal oxide base and an alkaline earth metal component.
 8. The process of claim 7 wherein said alkaline earth metal component is barium.
 9. The process of claim 1 wherein said catalyst particles to be regenerated have a metal oxide base and an alkali metal component.
 10. The process of claim 9 wherein said alkali metal component is potassium.
 11. The process of claim 1 wherein said catalyst particles to be regenerated are crystalline molecular sieve.
 12. The process of claim 1 wherein the pressure of said oxygen-containing gas is maintained sufficiently high so that during said removal of sulfur contaminants rapid conversion to sulfur dioxide is promoted.
 13. The process of claim 12 wherein the pressure of said oxygen-containing gas in said sulfur oxidizing step is maintained above about 150 psig, the circulation rate of said gas is low, and the temperature is maintained above about 900° F.
 14. The process of claim 12 wherein said pressure is maintained above 300 psig.
 15. The process of claim 1 wherein said catalyst particles to be regenerated are reforming catalyst particles comprising large-pore zeolites containing at least one Group VIII metal.
 16. The process of claim 15 wherein said large-pore zeolites have an apparent pore size of from 7 to 9 Angstroms.
 17. The process of claim 16 wherein said large-pore zeolites are selected from the group consisting of type L zeolite, zeolite X, zeolite Y and faujasite.
 18. The process of claim 17 wherein said large-pore zeolites are a type L zeolites.
 19. The process of claim 15 wherein said Group VIII metal is platinum.
 20. The process of claim 19 wherein said catalyst particles comprise:(a) large-pore zeolites containing platinum; and (b) an inorganic binder.
 21. The process of claim 20 wherein said inorganic binder is selected from the group consisting of clays, alumina, and silica.
 22. The process of claim 15 wherein said catalyst particles contain an alkaline earth metal selected from the group consisting of barium, strontium, and calcium.
 23. The process of claim 22 wherein said catalyst particles have from 0.1% to 35% weight barium and from 0.1% to 5.0% by weight platinum.
 24. In a process of regenerating in situ a bed of alumina-base reforming catalyst particles containing carbonaceous deposits without modification of the flow path of a reforming system which includes sulfur-contaminated vessels and/or conduits in communication with said bed of catalyst particles, the improvement which comprises prior to oxidation of the carbonaceous deposits on said reforming catalyst particles for regeneration thereof passing an oxygen-containing gas through said sulfur-contaminated vessels and/or conduits at an oxygen concentration of less than about 0.1 volume percent to oxidize the sulfur contaminants to sulfur dioxide so that during passage thereof through said bed of catalyst particles insufficient oxygen is present in said gas to promote formation of sulfur trioxide, and then increasing the concentration of oxygen in said oxygen-containing gas to at least 0.5 volume percent to oxidize said carbonaceous deposits on said catalyst.
 25. The process of claim 24 wherein the temperature of said oxygen-containing gas during said sulfur removal is maintained in the range of 900° to 950° F.
 26. The process of claim 24 wherein the flow rate of said oxygen-containing gas is sufficiently low to assure adequate residence time of the oxygen in said sulfur-contaminated vessels and/or conduits to improve conversion of metal sulfides to metal oxides with evolution of sulfur dioxide into the regeneration gas and with decreased sulfur oxides contacting the catalyst in the presence of residual oxygen.
 27. The process of claim 24 wherein after said sulfur content of the regeneration gas entering the first reactor in said flow path has been reduced, said regenerating gas temperature entering said first reactor is reduced to not more than about 750° and after the carbon content of the catalyst has decreased to below 0.05 weight percent, the temperature of said gas is increased to above 900° F. and the oxygen concentration is increased to at least 1 mole %.
 28. The process of claim 24 wherein the effluent gases exiting from the flow path of said reforming system are treated to remove substantially all sulfur contaminants therein and the resulting sulfur-free gases are recycled through said vessels and/or conduits and said catalyst bed.
 29. In a process of regenerating a catalyst having a platinum group component and a halogen component on an alumina base, said catalyst containing carbonaceous deposits developed during normal hydrocarbon processing in a reaction system which includes upstream sulfur-contaminated vessels and/or conduits in communication with the catalyst, and said process includes passing an oxygen-containing gas at a temperature of not more than about 750° F. through such upstream sulfur-contaminated vessels and/or conduits and then through a bed of said catalyst in the reactor to burn said carbonaceous deposits from said catalyst and then increasing the temperature of said gas to at least 900° F. to redisperse the platinum component on said base, with or without addition of halide,the improvement comprising prior to burning said carbonaceous deposits from said catalyst flowing said oxygen-containing gas at a concentration of not more than about 0.1 mole % and at a temperature in excess of 850° F. to oxidize the sulfur in said contaminated vessels and/or conduits so that the evolved sulfur dioxide flows through said catalyst bed in the absence of sufficient oxygen to permit conversion of a substantial fraction thereof to sulfur trioxide by contact with said catalyst.
 30. The process of claim 29 wherein the pressure of said oxygen-containing gas at such reduced concentration is maintained sufficiently high and said gas including recycled effluent gas with sulfur dioxide removed therefrom is circulated at a rate sufficiently low in said conduits, vessel and said catalyst bed to ensure sufficient residence time of the oxygen in the sulfide contaminated regions and to minimize flow of unreacted oxygen along with sulfur dioxide into said catalyst bed.
 31. The process of claim 29 wherein the effluent gases exiting from said reaction system are treated to remove substantially all sulfur contaminants therein and the resulting sulfur-free gases are recycled through said vessels and/or conduits and said catalyst bed.
 32. In a catalyst regeneration system wherein an oxygen-containing gas is circulated through at least one catalyst bed in a reactor vessel, said catalyst having an alumina-base and including a platinum component and a rhenium component, said reactor vessel being interconnected in series with a sulfur-contaminated conduit and said oxygen-containing gas oxidizes the carbonaceous deposits on said catalyst at a reactor inlet temperature of not more than about 750° F., and after the carbon content of the said catalyst has been reduced said gas is circulated through said catalyst bed at a temperature above 900° F. to facilitate redispersion of said platinum component over the alumina surface of said catalyst, the improvement comprising, before circulating said oxygen-containing gas through said catalyst bed to burn carbonaceous material from said catalyst, limiting the concentration of oxygen in said gas to less than 0.1 mole % while maintaining a temperature in excess of 850° at the inner surface of said conduit and continuing said gas circulation to reduce sulfur-contamination of said conduit until the sulfur content of the effluent gas is substantially reduced and whereby sulfur contamination of said catalyst is prevented prior to both steps of carbonaceous deposit removal from said catalyst and redispersion of said platinum component. 